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Text and photographs protected by Copyright © Adrian Hoskins 2007, and must not be published in part or in whole elsewhere without prior written permission from the author.
British Butterflies - a history of English vernacular names

The butterfly known in Britain as the Camberwell Beauty, has at various times in history been known as the Grand Surprise, the Willow Beauty, the White Petticoat, and in the USA is known as the Mourning Cloak. Two butterflies, known to early entomologists as the Selvedged Heath Eye and the Golden Heath Eye, were later discovered to be the male and female of a single species which then became known as the Gatekeeper, but is now known as the Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus. The name Gatekeeper is now applied to an entirely different species Pyronia tithonus, which was previously called the Hedge Brown, and in earlier days was also known as the Hedge Eye, or Large Heath. However the butterfly which we now know as the Large Heath is yet another species - Coenonympha tullia - previously known as the Manchester Argus, or Marsh Ringlet.

Click here to see some interesting and amusing names given to foreign butterflies.

The instability of English names, and the fact that creatures have entirely different names in other countries, is one of the reasons why Linnaeus invented a system of classifying all animals and plants by scientific names.

Below is a chart giving the former names of British butterflies :.

Current name

Former names

Adonis Blue

discovered in Britain in 1775, and then known as Clifden Blue.

Bath White

Vernon's Half Mourner, or Green Chequered White.

Berger's Clouded Yellow

separated from the Pale Clouded Yellow by Berger in 1947.

Black Hairstreak

discovered in 1828.

Black-veined White

White Butterfly with Black Veins, known in Britain in 1667.

Brimstone

Butter-coloured Fly, or "butterfly", given it's current name in 1658.

Brown Argus

given it's current name in 1717.

Brown Hairstreak

Golden Hairstreak ( female ), Brown Hairstreak ( male ).

Camberwell Beauty

Grand Surprise, Willow Beauty, White Petticoat ( Mourning Cloak in US ).

Chalkhill Blue

 

Chequered Skipper

known in North America as the Arctic Skipper.

Clouded Yellow

Saffron ( male ), Spotted saffron ( female ).

Comma

given it's current name in 1766.

Common Blue

 

Dark Green Fritillary

Queen of England Fritillary.

Dingy Skipper

 

Duke of Burgundy

Mr Vernon's Small Fritillary.

Essex Skipper

named after it's discovery in Essex in 1888.

Gatekeeper

Hedge Brown, Small Meadow Brown, Large Heath, Hedge Eye.

Glanville Fritillary

Dullidge Fritillary, Plantain Fritillary.

Grayling

Rock Underwing, Tunbridge Grayling.

Green Hairstreak

given it's current name in 1666.

Green-veined White

given it's current name in 1666.

Grizzled Skipper

The Grizzle.

Heath Fritillary

Pearl Border Likeness, May Fritillary.

High Brown Fritillary

given it's current name in 1717.

Holly Blue

Blue Speckt, Azure Blue, given it's current name in 1885.

Large Blue

given it's current name in 1795.

Large Copper

given it's current name in 1795.

Large Heath

Manchester Argus, Manchester Ringlet, Marsh Ringlet, Scarce Heath.

Large Skipper

given it's current name in 1717.

Large Tortoiseshell

 

Large White

given it's current name in 1666.

Long-tailed Blue

Brighton Argus, Pea-pod Argus, Pea Blue.

Lulworth Skipper

named after it's discovery at Lulworth Cove, Dorset, in 1832.

Marbled White

Our Half Mourner, Marmoris, Marmoress.

Marsh Fritillary

Dishclout, Greasy Fritillaria.

Mazarine Blue

given it's current name in 1710.

Meadow Brown

 

Monarch

Milkweed.

Mountain Ringlet

Small Mountain Ringlet.

Northern Brown Argus

Castle Eden Argus, Scotch Brown Argus, Scotch White-spot.

Orange tip

 

Painted Lady

first known as early as 1272, given it's current name in 1766.

Pale Clouded Yellow

 

Peacock

given it's current name in 1766.

Pearl-bordered Fritillary

April Fritillary.

Purple Emperor

given it's current name in 1766, but known from the larva in 1758.

Purple Hairstreak

 

Queen of Spain Fritillary

Lesser Silver-spotted Fritillary, Riga Fritillary.

Red Admiral

first known as The Admirable in 1766.

Ringlet

given it's current name in 1766.

Scotch Argus

 

Short-tailed Blue

Bloxworth Blue.

Silver-spotted Skipper

Pearl Skipper, first discovered in 1666.

Silver-studded Blue

Lead Argus.

Silver-washed Fritillary

Greater Silver-streaked Fritillary.

Small Blue

Bedford Blue, Little Blue.

Small Copper

Common Copper.

Small Heath

Selvedged Heath Eye ( male ), Golden Heath Eye ( female ).

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary

given the name Small Pearl Border Fritillaria by Moses Harris in 1766.

Small Skipper

 

Small Tortoiseshell

 

Small White

given it's current name in 1666.

Speckled Wood

Enfield Eye, Wood Argus.

Swallowtail

Royal William.

Wall Brown

given it's current name in 1766.

White Admiral

originally named White Admirable in 1766.

White-letter Hairstreak

Dark Hairstreak.

Wood White

given it's current name in 1666.

 

 
 
Foreign butterflies

All North American butterflies have been given English names, as have the butterflies of Australia. In the 19th century, butterfly collecting was a favourite pastime of British Army officers, who gave English names to many of the butterflies found in the countries where they served, e.g. Malaya, Ceylon, India and East Africa. Consequently many butterflies in these countries have names connected with the armed forces - examples include the Commodores, Commander, Soldiers, and Lancers. The majority of names however are purely descriptive, hence Desert White, Orange-spotted Skipper etc.

The table below lists a few of the more fascinating or amusing names given to butterflies from around the world, some of which have obvious derivations, while others, such as the Foolish Swift, seen totally baffling :

Country

English name

sub-family

Scientific name

Kenya

Foolish Swift

Hesperiinae

Borbo fatuellus

USA

Lost-Egg Skipper

Hesperiinae

Hesperia lindseyi

Ghana

Morose Sailor

Limenitidinae

Neptis morosa

USA

Prairie Cobweb Skipper

Hesperiine

Yvretta rhesus

Kenya

Dive-bomber

Charaxinae

Charaxes bohemani

Kenya

Blue Heart Playboy

Lycaenidae

Pilodeudorix caerulea

Argentina

Drop with Glasses

Biblidinae

Dynamine aerata

Kenya

Fashion Commodore

Nymphalinae

Precis pelarga

USA

Sad Green Hairstreak

Theclinae

Callophrys miserabilis

Kenya

Peculiar Giant Cupid

Polyommatinae

Lepidochrysops peculiaris

Tanzania

Garden Inspector

Nymphalinae

Precis archesia

USA

Question Mark

Nymphalinae

Polygonia interrogationis

Trinidad

Tiger with tails

Charaxinae

Consul fabius

USA

Poodle-face Sulphur

Coliadinae

Eurema boisduvaliana

Argentina

Zigzag Sleepy-head

Pyrginae

Sarnientoia haywardi

Argentina

Lying butterfly

Pierinae

Pereute swainsoni

Kenya

Flip Flop

Pierinae

Leptosia alcesta

Trinidad

Snow-flake

Pierinae

Leucidia brephos

Trinidad

Blue Doctor

Riodininae

Rhetus periander

Kenya

d'Urban's Woolly Legs

Militenae

Lachnocnema durbani

Trinidad

Shower of Gold

Riodininae

Argyrogrammana holosticta

Sri Lanka

Glad-eye Bush Brown

Satyrinae

Nissanga patnia

Trinidad

Lady Slipper

Satyrinae

Pierella hyalinus

Kenya

Noble Night-fighter

Hesperiinae

Zophopetes nobilior

USA

Noseburn Wanderer

Nymphalinae

Mestra amymone

Kenya

One Pip Policeman

Coeliadinae

Coeliades anchises

Trinidad

Queen of the Night

Morphinae

Antirrhea philoctetes

Kenya

Wandering Donkey

Heliconiinae

Acraea neobule

 
 
Text and photographs protected by Copyright © Adrian Hoskins 2007-2008, and must not be reproduced or published in part or in whole elsewhere in any form without written permission from Adrian Hoskins. Breach of copyright will be pursued by litigation.
 
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